More consumer-oriented than its predecessor, the 1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act was a watershed in US food policy. In contrast to the limited health-based standards that the Ministry of Health proposed in Britain during the Depression, the US, largely through the efforts of women’s groups, pioneered policies designed to protect the pocketbooks of consumers,…
Ardern (first from the left in the back row) and Lockett (first from the right in the first row) described all of the essential components of the activated sludge wastewater treatment process, as it is used today, and as it rapidly became the most widely used biological wastewater treatment process. They made the first reported…
The Imhoff tank obtained its name from its inventor, Dr. Karl Imhoff of Germany. The technology was developed in the Emscher District of Germany and patented in 1906 by Dr. Imhoff. The first plant was put into operation two years later. From the information available, it can be discerned that Imhoff Tanks were an acceptable…
Circa 50 A.D. Athenaeus of Attilia, writing on Purification of Water, cites a single, double, and triple filtration process as producing water of the greatest purity.
Chemical precipitation or coagulation and flocculation with various salts of aluminum (e.g., alum), iron, lime and other inorganic or organic chemicals are widely used processes to treat water for the removal of colloidal particles (turbidity) and microbes. Treatment of water by the addition of chemical coagulants and precipitants has been practiced since ancient times, even…