Nicolas Appert was a confectioner and chef in Paris from 1784 to 1795. He had great skill with foods and was also familiar with brewing and distillation. He set up a small kitchen in the back of his shop and decided to answer the challenge. For ten years he labored patiently with different foods, cooking…
In 1810 Peter Durand of England patented the use of tin-coated iron cans instead of bottles, and by 1820 he was supplying canned food to the Royal Navy in large quantities. Durand did not pursue food canning, but, in 1812, sold his patent to two Englishmen, Bryan Donkin and John Hall, who refined the process…
In France, legislation was passed regarding hours of beginning and stopping work.12
Health and Morals of Apprentices Act limited the work of children in textile mills to 12 hours per day; prohibited night work; required minimum standards of accommodation; some elementary education to be provided; factories to be periodically lime washed; and infectious diseases attended to and reported. Each apprentice was to be given two sets of…
Chlorination of drinking water was only first suggested around the year 1800 by Louis – Bernard Guyton de Morveau (France) and William Cumberland Cruikshank (England). The use of chlorine was introduced to England by William Cruickshank, who used it to purify water in 1800. These initial successes, however, seem to have been short-lived. Some experiments…
Thomas Henry in England proposed the use of lime for water softening.